Help - Skaters and Blocks
The applet shows two skaters pushing off from each other or, alternatively, two blocks that are being forced apart. The applet demonstrates the resulting momenta, speeds, and kinetic energies of the two skaters or blocks.

Skaters Help

Click on a number to view its explanation.


  1. Basic Control Buttons
  2. There are three basic control buttons. One of these, the Play/Pause button, is a dual button. The buttons are, from left to right:

    Rewind Returns the simulation to the starting point with the previously chosen settings. After clicking Rewind, click Play to restart the motion.

    Play Clicking the Play button starts the race.

    Pause After the Play button has been clicked, it changes into a Pause button. Click the Pause button if you want to get a 'snapshot' of the motion at a given instant. When the Pause button has been clicked, it reverts into the Play button. To resume the motion, click Play once more.

    Reset Resets the applet to its default setting.

    Adjustments in the initial settings can only be made after first clicking REWIND or RESET.

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  3. Velocities and Momenta Velocity and Momentum
  4. The Velocities and Momenta buttons, when selected, will display the velocity and momentum vectors, respectively, of the two skaters or blocks.

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  5. Data Data
  6. Data Boxes

    The Data toggle button lets you display or hide the two Data boxes shown above pertaining to the skaters or blocks on the left or right, respectively. You can drag either Data box anywhere on the screen or even off the screen.

    The subscript "1" is used for the block or skater on the left, the subscript "2" for the block or skater on the right.

    The following data are displayed in the Data boxes:

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  7. Show Skaters/Show Blocks Skaters/Blocks
  8. The two radio buttons "Show Skaters" and "Show Blocks" let you display either two skaters or two blocks. The physical data pertaining to either skaters or blocks are identical, e.g., the momenta of the skaters have the same values as the momenta of the blocks.

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  9. Masses of Skaters or Blocks
  10. There are two sliders, shown in the following image.

    Mass Sliders

    Clicking on a slider to the left or right of the slider tab allows fine adjustment of the slider setting.

    Clicking on the Input Dialog button Input Dialog Button of a slider will open a dialog for entering an exact value for the slider setting. The dialog for the Mass-1 slider is illustrated below. The range in which values can be entered, from 30.0 kg to 120.0 kg in this case, is indicated above the data entry field.

    Input Dialog Field

    The slider on the left lets you set the mass m1 of the left skater or block. The one on the right lets you set the mass m2 of the right skater or block.

    Generally speaking for this applet, the subscript "1" is used to label data pertaining to the block or skater on the left, the subscript "2" for the skater or block on the right.

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  11. Axis
  12. Axis

    When the blocks are displayed, there is an x-axis displayed as well showing the x-coordinates of both the current and initial positions of the blocks, as well as the x-coordinate of the center of mass (CM) of the two-block system. The current coordinates are indicated by darker arrows and lettering than the initial coordinates.

    The values of the x-coordinates of the current block positions are displayed in the two Data boxes (see Number 2) and that of the CM in the top middle of the applet window (see Number 7).

    The x-axis can be dragged left and right when Rewind or Reset have been clicked. The axis cannot be dragged when the motion is paused or during the motion. When the axis is dragged to a new position, the values of the x-coordinates of all points are updated automatically.

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  13. Center of Mass
  14. When the blocks are displayed, the center of mass (CM) of the two-block system is displayed as well and indicated by an "X". The x-coordinate of the CM is indicated on the x-axis (see Number 6), and its value is displayed at the top middle of the applet window.

    The time t elapsed since the beginning of the motion is displayed there as well.

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